Recent developments in solar technology may resolve some of the issues presented by traditional panels. Most panels are made from crystalline silicon single-junction cells, which can reach a maximum theoretical energy conversion efficiency of about 33% and laboratory efficiencies of over 25%. Nevertheless, researchers continue to look for more effective ways to harness solar energy. Multi-junction cells made of six different semiconducting materials enable the cell to absorb light at a wider range of wavelengths, running at a 47% efficiency limit. However, multi-junction solar cells aren’t widely used outside of satellite and aerospace engineering due to their relatively high manufacturing costs. The technology has a long way to go before it can be cheaply deployed across the planet, though concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) systems, which use lenses and mirrors to focus light, could provide some solutions.

Research has also centered around perovskite solar cells, which now have a conversion efficiency of over 25% (about what we see from crystalline silicon cells), compared to reports of only 3% in 2006. Moreover, perovskite solar cells offer relatively low production costs when compared to multi-junction solar cells, making them more affordable on an industrial scale. These cells can be applied in the form a thin solution—essentially painted onto a surface. Imagine what the world might look like if office buildings, hospitals, or even schools could serve the additional function of generating energy to sustain local communities. Indeed, the future of solar energy is looking bright!

For a detailed breakdown of how solar panels convert energy from the sun into electrical energy, see our video “How do solar panels work?” If you’re interested in the meteorological challenges to solar power development, check out “Why aren't we only using solar power?” Finally, for a rundown of energy production and land use, watch “How much land does it take to power the world?”