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How do drugs affect the brain? - Sara Garofalo

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Most people will take a pill, receive an injection, or otherwise take some kind of medicine during their lives. But most of us don’t know anything about how these substances actually work. How can various compounds impact the way we physically feel, think, and even behave? Sara Garofalo explains how some drugs can alter the communication between cells in the brain.

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  • Educator Sara Garofalo
  • Director Filip Ugrin
  • Script Editor Emma Bryce
  • Producer Draško Ivezić
  • Sound Designer Jure Buljević
  • Associate Producer Jessica Ruby
  • Content Producer Gerta Xhelo
  • Editorial Producer Alex Rosenthal
  • Narrator Addison Anderson
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Additional Resources for you to Explore
A drug can be defined as any substance able to produce a change to our body. Drugs able to produce a known effect on the nervous system are referred to as psychoactive drugs, for their ability to influence cognitive and behavioral abilities regulated by the brain’s interconnected network of neurons and to overcome the blood–brain barrier (BBB).

The BBB has been only quickly covered in this lesson, but it is a very interesting topic that you can learn more about here and here. Did you know that it is not the only “barrier” in our body system? Check this out to find out more.

The main known influence of psychoactive drugs is at the neuronal level. A neuron is a specific kind of cell, composed by a body (or soma), some dendrites and an axon. Synapses are placed along the dendrites or the axon, where they get in contact with the dendrite or the axon of another neuron. A synapse is not a physical contact between the two parts, but rather a space where the two parts are very close to each other, so close that the neurotransmitters (such as, dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline, acetylcholine or GABA), can be exchanged between the sending (pre-synaptic) and receiving (post-synaptic) neuron. The sending neuron has a terminal button where its neurotransmitters are stored, ready to be released. The receiving neuron is equipped with receptors, structures able to bind with specific neurotransmitters. Interested in finding out more about how nerves work? Watch this TED-Ed Lesson.


Each neurotransmitter plays a different main role in the regulation of our behavior, emotion and cognition. Dopamine regulates movements, energy and our perception of reward, punishment and feelings of pleasure. Serotonin mainly modulates mood and impulsivity. Noradrenaline regulates mainly energy, arousal, alertness and pleasure. Acetylcholine controls movement, memory, motivation and sleep. GABA is primarily involved in arousal, judgment and impulsiveness. And there are many more. Learn more about neurotransmitters here.

The signal exchanged between neurons is referred to as an electrochemical signal. Why is that? A neurotransmitter is a chemical messenger. When it binds to the receptor, it generates a small amount of electrical activity on the receiving neuron. This electrical activity then spreads thought the rest of the neuron. If the amount of electricity on a given neuron is strong enough, then that signal is passed on to other neurons by releasing a new neurotransmitter. A receiving neuron becomes a sending neuron.

Some medical and research methods (DBS, tDCS, TMS) point to new ways to alter the communication between neurons. Rather than directly altering the exchange of neurotransmitters (the chemical message), brain stimulation techniques can be used to alter the electro-magnetic state of neurons, thus influencing their communication.

Drug use has short and long term consequences on the brain’s functioning. Health agencies, supported by scientific evidences, pointed out how the abuse of recreational as well as prescription drugs can have serious consequences on health.


TED-Ed
Lesson Creator
New York, NY
Can you imagine, or do you know, non-pharmacological ways to alter neural activity? Here’s a tip: the signal exchanged between neurons is known to be electrochemical.
04/05/2017
Avatar for Ángel Venegas
Ángel Venegas • LESSON IN PROGRESS

I think electroshock therapy is one of them. I heard on another lesson on Ted-Ed that complicated depressions are treated with small electroshocks. I also heard a lesson in my school that there is a zone in the brain linked with extreme pleasure. In that lesson a scientist talked me and my classmates that when a mice was connected to it in a laboratory, the mammal turns extremely desperate for doing the things the scientist want the mice to do. For example, if they wanted the mice to push a lever, they will reward the mice with a little electroshock on that zone after the task was completed. I saw the video, and the lesson was about illicit drugs and their effects on the human brain, especially on young people.

06/29/2017
Avatar for Jackson Smith
Jackson Smith • London, United Kingdom • LESSON IN PROGRESS

Actually light signals could very much alter your mind. Most of the mind bending those organisations do is with the help of screens.

06/30/2017
Avatar for Michimasa Toyoshima
Michimasa Toyoshima • COMPLETED LESSON

I guess that an optical stimulation is an available tool to alter the neural activity. To excite or suppress the specific neural activity, you can irradiate rats or mice which previously express photoreceptors with lights.

07/14/2017
Avatar for Sara Garofalo
Sara Garofalo • Cambridge, United Kingdom • LESSON IN PROGRESS

Hi guys! You are all going in the right direction.
One of the most modern applications of what Ángel is referring to is known as Deep Brain Stimulation (aka DBS). This is a neurosurgical procedure where an electrode is implanted in a critical brain area in order to send controlled electrical impulses. It has been successfully used to treat some conditions like major depression, obsessive–compulsive disorder or movement-related disorders, when resistant to other forms of treatment (e.g., pharmacological).
What Jackson and Michimasa are referring to is probably optogenetics, a technique again based on brain implants where the activity of neurons genetically modified to have light-responsive proteins, is controlled by illumination with coloured light.

07/16/2017
Avatar for Sara Garofalo
Sara Garofalo • Cambridge, United Kingdom • LESSON IN PROGRESS

Furthermore, there are electromagnetic non-invasive approaches of neurostimulation, which are currently used as both research and clinical techniques. Some examples are transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).
Have you ever heard of any of them?

07/16/2017
Avatar for Angelica Osorno
Angelica Osorno • COMPLETED LESSON

There are too many fungus that can do the work of a drug does on our brain. One example , and it is one f the most common here in Mexico, is peyote fungus. This kind of fungud had been used for our ancestors to make their people avoid feeling pain, but nowadays it is used to get high.
Doctors have told people how dangerous it can be, because we do not know the consequences when you eat this kind of fungus. Otherwise, people say that you become helthier when you use them but not all expert people can agree on that.

07/17/2017
Avatar for Silvia Cortés
Silvia Cortés • COMPLETED LESSON

There are different ways to treatment diseases, in Mexican culture, we have alternative treatments which consist in use food or herbs, there are natural ways where people find the solution for their deseases, some experts do not agree with these; but in mexican culture most of the people use this kind of treatment.

07/17/2017
Avatar for oswaldo hernandez
oswaldo hernandez • COMPLETED LESSON

Well, I think that the beats of the music can cause alter neural activity due to low sounds that the music has as well as electronic music and some beats of rap music

07/17/2017
Avatar for Martin paz
Martin paz • COMPLETED LESSON

Well there are some natural means to alter neural activity for instance some herbs are used to cause an affect our behaivor it could be for better or for worse it depens of the way one use them.

07/17/2017
Avatar for Ismael Nicolas
Ismael Nicolas • COMPLETED LESSON

Is possible with lights directed a ours eyes, in a posicion special for alter neural activity.

07/25/2017
Avatar for Shanmuga Priya
Shanmuga Priya • LESSON IN PROGRESS

Is armodafinil also harmful??

08/08/2017
Avatar for Danna Jiménez
Danna Jiménez • COMPLETED LESSON

there are different ways to cure some diseases, remedies are another way out for these, as there are different herbs that have different utility

10/01/2017
Avatar for katy Tene
katy Tene • COMPLETED LESSON

I think that Deep brain stimulation (DBS), because it is a neurosurgical procedure that involves the implantation of a medical device called neurostimulator, which sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to treat neuropsychiatric disorders.

11/02/2017
Avatar for Fevzican Durmus
Fevzican Durmus • COMPLETED LESSON

Electrical *********** can increase our neural activity, such as electroshock.

11/27/2017
Avatar for Joana Patricia De Jesus Flores
Joana Patricia De Jesus Flores • COMPLETED LESSON

Recently I heard about the deep brain stimulation. It is a surgical *********** consisting of implanting a medical device that sends electrical impulses to specific points in the brain. By selecting these points, therapeutic benefits have been achieved for disorders resistant to ***********, such as chronic pain, Parkinson's disease, essential tremor or dystonia.

12/01/2017
Avatar for Jonah White-Wilson
Jonah White-Wilson • COMPLETED LESSON

Herbs and the foods you eat definitely play a part in how quickly you recover. Drugs are not always the best remedy for curing infections and/or diseases because it alters your brain in an unnatural way.

01/18/2018 • 
IN RESPONSE TO Danna Jiménez Show the comment
Avatar for Ashley Killingsworth
Ashley Killingsworth • COMPLETED LESSON

A way that alters neural activity is Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS). It is a neurosurgical procedure that uses implantations of medical devices (neurostimulators) that send electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to treat disorders within this system.

06/20/2018
Avatar for Ebie Bruno
Ebie Bruno • COMPLETED LESSON

I think some substances like herbs and essential oils can affect your brain. I don't know if that counts as non-pharmacological, but I've heard that from someone I know who sells them! I personally do not use essential oils, but I know that some of them can relieve headaches, make you focus, or be used to make you relax!

This may not be a way because your body absorbs them and you can smell them, so they are going directly into your skin and lungs, but I thought it may be a way.

06/20/2018
Avatar for Jackson Lemons
Jackson Lemons • LESSON IN PROGRESS

Ageing and lack of sleep, along with disorders can alter or effect normal activity.

10/29/2018
Avatar for Sarah Schiavone
Sarah Schiavone • COMPLETED LESSON

I feel like what everyone is saying goes along the lines of: electric shock, music, food and herbs, essential oils, etc. I think everyone has a pretty solid idea about this topic and I like how there are so many different ways to alter neural activity besides getting high or drunk on drugs or alcohol.

03/11/2019
Avatar for vanesa jaramillo
vanesa jaramillo • COMPLETED LESSON

yes. i think that the yoga is a good option because the breathing do many good things to the body.

11/05/2019
Avatar for Valentina Aristizábal
Valentina Aristizábal • COMPLETED LESSON

Well, I think that the music can cause alter neural activity due to To excite or suppress the specific neural activity

11/05/2019
Avatar for enrique cardenas
enrique cardenas • COMPLETED LESSON

cannabis can alter the nervous system even becoming medicinal for people with pain.

11/05/2019
Avatar for Bernarda Largo Granada
Bernarda Largo Granada • COMPLETED LESSON

I think that in the actually light signals could very much alter your mind. Most of the mind bending those organisations do is with the help of screens. And there are too many fungus that can do the work of a drug does on our brain.

11/05/2019
Avatar for Fernanda Wilches
Fernanda Wilches • COMPLETED LESSON

yes, an example of this would be shock therapies, music or aromatherapy, because the nervous system is disturbed

11/05/2019
Avatar for Daniela Corredor
Daniela Corredor • COMPLETED LESSON

yes, music or exercise can alter, because they excite the nervous system

11/05/2019
Avatar for Jorge Anzola
Jorge Anzola • COMPLETED LESSON

Neural activity can be affected by natural products because in nature there are things that affect neuronal changes from taste or smell

11/05/2019
Avatar for Juan Manuel Castiblanco
Juan Manuel Castiblanco • LESSON IN PROGRESS

there are different ways to cure some diseases, remedies are another way out for these, as there are different herbs that have different utility

11/05/2019
Avatar for Oscar Calderon
Oscar Calderon • COMPLETED LESSON

Well there are some natural means to alter neural activity for instance some herbs are used to cause an affect our behaivor and can made a big activity or inhibition in the sinapsis

11/05/2019
Avatar for Hollie Hermann
Hollie Hermann • COMPLETED LESSON

i think lights and being shocked or there are some foods that could like herbs to

03/05/2020
Avatar for avalon wyman
avalon wyman • COMPLETED LESSON

The foods you eat definitely play a part in how quickly you recover. Drugs are not always the best way to diseases because it goes throw your brain in an unnatural way.

03/05/2020
Avatar for Avaiya Gettinger
Avaiya Gettinger • COMPLETED LESSON

I think that it would not hurt you

03/05/2020
Avatar for Matthew Oleson
Matthew Oleson • COMPLETED LESSON

pills and other substances work?

03/05/2020
Avatar for Jesse McMullen
Jesse McMullen • COMPLETED LESSON

na

03/05/2020
Avatar for Jesse McMullen
Jesse McMullen • COMPLETED LESSON

dont do drugs

03/05/2020
Avatar for Jesse McMullen
Jesse McMullen • COMPLETED LESSON

to much

03/05/2020 • 
IN RESPONSE TO Ángel Venegas Show the comment
Avatar for Samuel Bull
Samuel Bull • COMPLETED LESSON

I think other medicine would work

03/05/2020 • 
IN RESPONSE TO  Show the comment
Avatar for victoria stuart
victoria stuart • COMPLETED LESSON

non-pharmacological drugs can really affect your brain by rewiring it or you can have other major things like liver problems or heart problems

03/05/2020
Avatar for Katherine Binkley
Katherine Binkley • COMPLETED LESSON

I don't think anyone should do drugs there not good for you but the medicine could work

03/05/2020
Avatar for Kaleb Hanson
Kaleb Hanson • COMPLETED LESSON

sleep,dehydrating,music,anger,hit in the head. all of those can change all the ways your brain function/works. without being a drug

03/05/2020
Avatar for Sarah Perkins
Sarah Perkins • COMPLETED LESSON

maybe different medicine could work, also never do drugs they are not good for you.

03/05/2020
Avatar for yeetman mcyeet
yeetman mcyeet • LESSON IN PROGRESS

I honestly have no idea. but maybe lights and stuff could do it

03/05/2020
Avatar for Colton Rufing
Colton Rufing • COMPLETED LESSON

yeah i agree never do drugs

11/10/2020 • 
IN RESPONSE TO  Show the comment
Avatar for Paxton Branum
Paxton Branum • COMPLETED LESSON

A roller is one because it helps when you are sore. I use this when I play football and baseball what a foam roller does is it helps you stretch out your muscles and makes them feel better. Another example is a massage gun.

12/03/2020
Avatar for Adam Fox
Adam Fox • COMPLETED LESSON

I think that sleep would be one because it helps your body rest and also ice would also be one.

12/03/2020
Avatar for Addison O'Connell
Addison O'Connell • COMPLETED LESSON

I think that one of them could possible be a type of shock.

12/03/2020
Avatar for Malissia Johnson
Malissia Johnson • LESSON IN PROGRESS

I differently agree ! Good job.

01/06/2021 • 
IN RESPONSE TO  Show the comment
Avatar for Matthew Litster
Matthew Litster • LESSON IN PROGRESS

electroshock therapy or lights/images that cause optical stimulation

01/12/2021
Avatar for Patrick Spellman
Patrick Spellman • COMPLETED LESSON

Defiantly music and sense of smell, both of these can bring back memories and cause both emotional and physical reactions.

01/25/2021
Avatar for charlie conner
charlie conner • COMPLETED LESSON

I believe there are several ways to cause a person to have a change in mentation without the use of drugs. Lights, sounds, anxiety and fear. seizures can be induced by lights, sounds and environment.

02/05/2021

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About TED-Ed Animations

TED-Ed Animations feature the words and ideas of educators brought to life by professional animators. Are you an educator or animator interested in creating a TED-Ed Animation? Nominate yourself here »

Meet The Creators

  • Educator Sara Garofalo
  • Director Filip Ugrin
  • Script Editor Emma Bryce
  • Producer Draško Ivezić
  • Sound Designer Jure Buljević
  • Associate Producer Jessica Ruby
  • Content Producer Gerta Xhelo
  • Editorial Producer Alex Rosenthal
  • Narrator Addison Anderson
  • See more creators

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